Two Dimensions Are Better Than Three

PITTSBURGH (December 17, 2018) … For the past sixty years, the electronics industry and the average consumer have benefited from the continuous miniaturization, increased storage capacity and decreased power consumption of electronic devices. However, this era of scaling that has benefited humanity is rapidly coming to end. To continue shrinking the size and power consumption of electronics, new materials and new engineering approaches are needed.

Susan Fullerton, assistant professor of chemical and petroleum engineering at the University of Pittsburgh’s Swanson School of Engineering, is tackling that challenge by develop next-generation electronics based on all two-dimensional materials. These “all 2D” materials are similar to a sheet of paper – if the paper were only a single molecule thick. Her research into these super-thin materials was recognized by the National Science Foundation with a $540,000 CAREER award, which supports early-career faculty who have the potential to serve as academic role models in research and education and to lead advances in the mission of their department or organization.

“The advent of new computing paradigms is pushing the limit of what traditional semiconductor devices can provide,” Dr. Fullerton said. “For example, machine learning will require nanosecond response speeds, sub-volt operation, 1,000 distinct resistance states, and other aspects that no existing device technology can provide.

“We’ve known for a long time that ions – like the ones in lithium-ion batteries – are very good at controlling how charge moves in these ultra-thin semiconductors,” she noted. “In this project, we are reimagining the role of ions in high-performance electronics. By layering successive molecule-sized layers on top of each other, we aim to increase storage capacity, decrease power consumption, and vastly accelerate processing speed .”¹

To build this all 2D device, Fullerton and her group invented a new type of ion-containing material, or electrolyte, which is only a single molecule thick. This “monolayer electrolyte” will ultimately introduce new functions that can be used by the electronic materials community to explore the fundamental properties of new semiconductor materials and to develop electronics with completely new device characteristics.

According to Dr. Fullerton, there are several important application spaces where the materials and approaches developed in this CAREER research could have an impact: information storage, brain-inspired computing, and security, in particular.

In addition to developing the monolayer electrolytes, the NSF award will support a PhD student and postdoctoral researcher, as well as an outreach program to inspire curiosity and engagement of K-12 and underrepresented students in materials for next-generation electronics. Specifically, Dr. Fullerton has developed an activity where students can watch the polymer electrolytes used in this study crystallize in real-time using an inexpensive camera attached to a smart phone or iPad. The CAREER award will allow Dr. Fullerton to provide this microscope to classrooms so that the teachers can continue exploring with their students.

“When the students get that portable microscope in their hands – they get really creative,” she said. “After they watch what happens to the polymer, they go exploring. They look at the skin on their arm, the chewing gum out of their mouth, or the details of the fabric on their clothing. It’s amazing to watch this relatively inexpensive tool spark curiosity in the materials that are all around them, and that’s the main goal.”

Dr. Fullerton noted that her research takes a truly novel approach to ion utilization, which has traditionally been avoided by the semiconductor community.

“Ions are often ignored because if you cannot control their location, they can ruin a device. So the idea of using ions not just as a tool to explore fundamental properties, but as an integral device component is extremely exciting and risky,” explained Dr. Fullerton. “If adopted, ions coupled with 2D materials could represent a paradigm shift in high-performance computing because we need brand new materials with exciting new physics and properties that are no longer limited by size.” 

¹Schematic of nanoionic memory device to be developed in this CAREER award. Molecularly thin sheets are stacked on top of each other to create an ultra-thin memory based on ions interacting with two-dimensional materials.  

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About Susan Fullerton
Dr. Fullerton and her research group use the interplay between ions and electrons to design next-generation electronic devices at the limit of scaling for memory, logic and energy storage. She has also been awarded the AAAS Marion Milligan Mason Award for Women in Chemical Sciences (2018), and an ORAU Ralph E. Powe Jr. Faculty Award (2016). Prior to joining Pitt in fall 2015, Fullerton was a Research Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. She earned her Bachelor of Science and PhD degrees in Chemical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. For more information visit the Fullerton Group.